PR Newswire
MIAMI, Sept. 29, 2026
Record bookings provide a strong foundation for 2027
MIAMI, Sept. 29, 2026 /PRNewswire/ -- Carnival Corporation (NYSE: CCL) announced financial results for the third quarter 2026 and provided an updated outlook.
"We delivered another quarter of top and bottom-line records, with accelerating demand and even stronger cost discipline driving results ahead of our expectations. This performance reinforces the underlying trajectory of our business and the consistency of our commercial execution, as evidenced by our sustained track record of high-quality same-ship yield growth.
"Our world-class cruise lines and destinations, exceptional guest experiences delivered by the best team in travel and leisure, and enhanced demand-generation against intentionally measured capacity growth position us to continue driving higher returns. At the same time, we are putting our increasingly durable cash flow to work, reinvesting in our business while returning more capital to shareholders," said Carnival Corporation's Chief Executive Officer Josh Weinstein.
Third Quarter 2026 Results
Advance Sales
"Our booking trends continued to strengthen throughout the quarter, with volumes meaningfully ahead of last year and far outpacing capacity growth. This momentum underscores the effectiveness of our demand generation efforts and the enduring appeal of our cruise lines," Weinstein said.
"For full-year 2027, both booked occupancy and pricing3 are at record levels, providing a strong foundation for another year of solid yield growth. Looking further ahead, 2028 is also off to an excellent start at higher occupancy and prices than last year."
"Customer deposits, another key leading indicator, also reached a third-quarter record of $7.6 billion, surpassing the prior-year record by $0.5 billion despite flat capacity growth over the next twelve months."
"Taken together, the ongoing strength we are seeing across our record booking curve, which has extended out even further, reinforces our confidence in the durability of demand for our cruise lines and the earnings power of our business," Weinstein added.
_______________ |
2 See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" and "Constant Currency." |
3 Pricing in constant currency. |
2026 Outlook
For the full year 2026, the company expects:
For the fourth quarter of 2026, the company expects net yields (in constant currency) up approximately 1.7 percent compared to 2025 record levels. Net yields (in constant currency) up approximately 2.3 percent after reflecting the impact of loyalty program accounting for Carnival Cruise Line.
See "Guidance" for additional information on the company's 2026 outlook, "Non-GAAP Financial Measures," "Reconciliation of Forecasted Data" and "Constant Currency."
Capital Allocation
"Our strong operating cash flow enabled us to continue strengthening our financial position while advancing our commitment to return value to shareholders," commented Carnival Corporation's Chief Financial Officer David Bernstein. "With nearly $1.2 billion of share repurchases so far this year — nearly $800 million since the beginning of the third quarter — and our ongoing dividend program, we are making meaningful progress toward our PROPEL target of distributing cash to our shareholders, responsibly. During the third quarter we were also able to use cash on hand to opportunistically redeem $500 million of seven percent coupon notes, which were among our highest coupon debt. Even with the substantial capital we are returning to shareholders, we continue to expect year-over-year improvement in our balance sheet and leverage metrics."
During the quarter, S&P upgraded the company's credit rating, making it the second rating agency to award the company an investment grade rating. Following this upgrade, the company does not have any remaining secured debt.
The company distributed $204 million in dividends during the quarter, bringing the year to date total to $618 million.
Other Recent Highlights
Guidance
(See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures," "Reconciliation of Forecasted Data" and "Constant Currency")
4Q 2026 | Full Year 2026 | ||||||
Year over year change | Current | Constant | Current | Constant | |||
Net yields | Approx. 2.3% | Approx. 1.7% | Approx. 3.8% | Approx. 2.3% | |||
Adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel per ALBD | Approx. 1.9% | Approx. 1.7% | Approx. 3.5% | Approx. 2.2% | |||
4Q 2026 | Full Year 2026 | ||
ALBDs (in millions) (a) | 24.1 | 97.4 | |
Capacity growth compared to prior year | (0.1) % | 1.0 % | |
Fuel consumption in metric tons (in millions) | 0.7 | 2.7 | |
Fuel cost per metric ton consumed (excluding emission allowances) | $ 896 | $ 768 | |
Fuel expense (including emission allowances expense) (in billions) | $ 0.64 | $ 2.25 | |
Depreciation and amortization expense (in billions) | $ 0.75 | $ 2.92 | |
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest and interest income (in billions) | $ 0.26 | $ 1.08 | |
Adjusted EBITDA (in billions) | Approx. $1.30 | Approx. $7.14 | |
Adjusted net income (in millions) | Approx. $274 | Approx. $3,080 | |
Adjusted earnings per share - diluted | Approx. $0.20 | Approx. $2.24 | |
Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic | 1,352 | 1,369 | |
Adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding - diluted | 1,358 | 1,376 | |
(a) See "Notes to Statistical Information." | |||
Currencies (USD to 1) | 4Q 2026 | Full Year 2026 |
AUD | $ 0.71 | $ 0.70 |
CAD | $ 0.71 | $ 0.72 |
EUR | $ 1.15 | $ 1.16 |
GBP | $ 1.34 | $ 1.35 |
Sensitivities (impact to adjusted net income in millions) | 4Q 2026 |
1% change in net yields | $ 49 |
1% change in adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel per ALBD | $ 30 |
10% change in fuel cost per metric ton (excluding emission allowances) | $ 59 |
100 basis point change in variable rate debt | $ 4 |
1% change in currency exchange rates | $ 7 |
Capital Expenditures
For the fourth quarter of 2026, newbuild capital expenditures are $0.3 billion and non-newbuild capital expenditures are $0.9 billion. These future capital expenditures will fluctuate with foreign currency movements relative to the U.S. Dollar.
Conference Call
The company has scheduled a conference call with analysts at 10:00 a.m. EDT today to discuss its earnings release. This call can be listened to live and additional information including the company's earnings presentation can be obtained on its website at www.carnivalcorp.com.
Carnival Corporation is the largest global cruise company and among the largest leisure travel companies, with a portfolio of world-class cruise lines – AIDA Cruises, Carnival Cruise Line, Costa Cruises, Cunard, Holland America Line, P&O Cruises, Princess Cruises and Seabourn. Carnival Corporation trades under the ticker symbol CCL on the NYSE and is included in the S&P 500.
Additional information can be found on www.carnivalcorp.com, www.aida.de, www.carnival.com, www.costacruises.com, www.cunard.com, www.hollandamerica.com, www.pocruises.com, www.princess.com, and www.seabourn.com.
To learn more about Carnival Corporation's purpose and its commitment to sustainability, go to Our Impact.
Cautionary Note Concerning Factors That May Affect Future Results
Some of the statements, estimates or projections contained in this document are "forward-looking statements" that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions with respect to us, including statements concerning future results, operations, strategy, outlooks, plans, goals, reputation, cash flows, liquidity and other events which have not yet occurred. These statements are intended to qualify for the safe harbors from liability provided by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements other than statements of historical facts are statements that could be deemed forward-looking. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about our business and the industry in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. We have tried, whenever possible, to identify these statements by using words like "will," "may," "could," "should," "would," "believe," "depends," "expect," "goal," "aspiration," "anticipate," "forecast," "project," "future," "intend," "plan," "estimate," "target," "indicate," "outlook," and similar expressions of future intent or the negative of such terms.
Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements that relate to our outlook and financial position, as well as, statements regarding:
• Revenues | • Financial outlook |
• Costs and expenses | • Non-GAAP measures |
• Capital expenditures | • Passenger capacity |
• Leverage metrics | • Demand and booking trends |
• Shareholder returns | • Progress toward achieving our goals and targets |
Because forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are many factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. This note contains important cautionary statements of the known factors that we consider could materially affect the accuracy of our forward-looking statements and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial position. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
The ordering of the risk factors set forth above is not intended to reflect our indication of priority or likelihood. There may be additional risks that we consider immaterial or which are unknown. Additional information about the factors that may affect future results is contained in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K as well as our other filings with the SEC, all of which are available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.
Forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as a prediction of actual results. Subject to any continuing obligations under applicable law or any relevant stock exchange rules, we expressly disclaim any obligation to disseminate, after the date of this document, any updates or revisions to any such forward-looking statements to reflect any change in expectations or events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements are based.
Forward-looking and other statements in this document may also address our sustainability progress, plans, and goals (including emissions and environmental-related matters). In addition, historical, current, and forward-looking sustainability-related statements may be based on standards and tools for measuring progress that are still developing, internal controls and processes that continue to evolve, and assumptions and predictions that are subject to change in the future and may not be generally shared.
CARNIVAL CORPORATION LTD. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED) (in millions, except per share data) | |||||||
Three Months Ended August 31, | Nine Months Ended August 31, | ||||||
2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||
Passenger ticket | $ 5,529 | $ 5,430 | $ 13,825 | $ 13,366 | |||
Onboard and other | 2,906 | 2,723 | 7,438 | 6,925 | |||
Total Revenues | 8,435 | 8,153 | 21,263 | 20,292 | |||
Cruise and tour operating expenses: | |||||||
Commissions, transportation and other | 988 | 973 | 2,638 | 2,603 | |||
Onboard and other | 902 | 883 | 2,217 | 2,154 | |||
Payroll and related | 641 | 636 | 2,024 | 1,915 | |||
Fuel | 615 | 451 | 1,607 | 1,384 | |||
Food | 401 | 398 | 1,172 | 1,124 | |||
Other operating | 1,081 | 1,044 | 3,135 | 2,858 | |||
Total Cruise and tour operating expenses | 4,628 | 4,385 | 12,792 | 12,037 | |||
Selling and administrative expense | 834 | 779 | 2,621 | 2,442 | |||
Depreciation and amortization expense | 754 | 717 | 2,172 | 2,064 | |||
Operating Income | 2,220 | 2,271 | 3,678 | 3,748 | |||
Interest income | 17 | 15 | 41 | 34 | |||
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest | (285) | (317) | (862) | (1,034) | |||
Debt extinguishment and modification costs | (23) | (111) | (23) | (366) | |||
Other income (expense), net | 10 | 0 | (60) | (4) | |||
Income Before Income Taxes | 1,939 | 1,860 | 2,774 | 2,377 | |||
Income tax expense, net | (16) | (6) | (50) | (30) | |||
Net Income | 1,923 | 1,854 | 2,725 | 2,348 | |||
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 3 | 2 | 9 | 10 | |||
Net Income attributable to Carnival Corporation Ltd. | $ 1,920 | $ 1,852 | $ 2,715 | $ 2,338 | |||
Earnings Per Share | |||||||
Basic | $ 1.41 | $ 1.41 | $ 1.97 | $ 1.78 | |||
Diluted | $ 1.40 | $ 1.33 | $ 1.96 | $ 1.71 | |||
Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding - Basic | 1,363 | 1,313 | 1,375 | 1,311 | |||
Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding - Diluted | 1,368 | 1,402 | 1,382 | 1,401 | |||
CARNIVAL CORPORATION LTD. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED) (in millions, except par values) | |||
August 31, 2026 | November 30, 2025 | ||
ASSETS | |||
Current Assets | |||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ 1,220 | $ 1,928 | |
Trade and other receivables, net | 670 | 678 | |
Inventories | 528 | 505 | |
Prepaid expenses and other | 1,004 | 1,108 | |
Total current assets | 3,421 | 4,219 | |
Property and Equipment, Net | 43,397 | 43,494 | |
Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets, Net | 1,228 | 1,328 | |
Goodwill | 579 | 579 | |
Other Intangibles | 1,181 | 1,177 | |
Other Assets | 1,166 | 890 | |
$ 50,971 | $ 51,687 | ||
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY | |||
Current Liabilities | |||
Current portion of long-term debt | $ 2,036 | $ 2,603 | |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 168 | 175 | |
Accounts payable | 1,159 | 1,245 | |
Accrued liabilities and other | 1,983 | 2,239 | |
Customer deposits | 7,129 | 6,831 | |
Total current liabilities | 12,475 | 13,092 | |
Long-Term Debt | 21,876 | 24,037 | |
Long-Term Operating Lease Liabilities | 1,082 | 1,178 | |
Other Long-Term Liabilities | 1,333 | 1,097 | |
Shareholders' Equity | |||
Carnival Corporation Ltd. common shares, $0.01 par value; 1,960 shares | 15 | 13 | |
Carnival plc ordinary shares, $1.66 par value; no shares issued at 2026 and | — | 361 | |
Additional paid-in capital | 15,663 | 17,253 | |
Retained earnings | 6,712 | 4,817 | |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (1,714) | (1,810) | |
Treasury stock, 162 shares at 2026 and 131 shares at 2025 of Carnival | (6,488) | (8,364) | |
Total shareholders' equity attributable to Carnival Corporation Ltd. | 14,188 | 12,270 | |
Noncontrolling interests | 19 | 14 | |
Total shareholders' equity | 14,207 | 12,284 | |
$ 50,971 | $ 51,687 | ||
CARNIVAL CORPORATION LTD. OTHER INFORMATION | |||
OTHER BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION (in millions) | August 31, 2026 | November 30, 2025 | |
Debt (current and long-term) | $ 23,912 | $ 26,640 | |
Customer deposits (current and long-term) | $ 7,639 | $ 7,246 | |
Three Months Ended August 31, | Nine Months Ended August 31, | ||||||
CASH FLOW INFORMATION (in millions) | 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | |||
Cash from operations | $ 1,410 | $ 1,383 | $ 5,303 | $ 4,700 | |||
Capital expenditures (Purchases of Property and Equipment) | $ 698 | $ 648 | $ 2,139 | $ 2,105 | |||
Dividends paid | $ 204 | $ — | $ 618 | $ — | |||
Three Months Ended August 31, | Nine Months Ended August 31, | ||||||
STATISTICAL INFORMATION | 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | |||
Passenger Cruise Days ("PCDs") (in millions) (a) | 27.9 | 27.5 | 78.0 | 77.1 | |||
ALBDs (in millions) (b) | 24.9 | 24.6 | 73.3 | 72.3 | |||
Occupancy percentage (c) | 111.8 % | 111.7 % | 106.5 % | 106.5 % | |||
Passengers carried (in millions) | 3.9 | 3.8 | 10.5 | 10.3 | |||
Fuel consumption in metric tons (in millions) | 0.7 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 2.1 | |||
Fuel consumption in metric tons per thousand ALBDs | 26.9 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 29.4 | |||
Fuel cost per metric ton consumed (excluding emission | $ 826 | $ 607 | $ 726 | $ 621 | |||
Currencies (USD to 1) | |||||||
AUD | $ 0.70 | $ 0.65 | $ 0.70 | $ 0.64 | |||
CAD | $ 0.71 | $ 0.73 | $ 0.72 | $ 0.71 | |||
EUR | $ 1.15 | $ 1.16 | $ 1.16 | $ 1.10 | |||
GBP | $ 1.34 | $ 1.35 | $ 1.34 | $ 1.30 | |||
Notes to Statistical Information | |
(a) | PCD represents the number of cruise passengers on a voyage multiplied by the number of revenue-producing ship operating days for that voyage. |
(b) | ALBD is a standard measure of passenger capacity for the period that we use to approximate rate and capacity variances, based on consistently applied formulas that we use to perform analyses to determine the main non-capacity driven factors that cause our cruise revenues and expenses to vary. ALBDs assume that each cabin we offer for sale accommodates two passengers and is computed by multiplying passenger capacity by revenue-producing ship operating days in the period. |
(c) | Occupancy, in accordance with cruise industry practice, is calculated using a numerator of PCDs and a denominator of ALBDs, which assumes two passengers per cabin even though some cabins can accommodate three or more passengers. Percentages in excess of 100% indicate that on average more than two passengers occupied some cabins. |
CARNIVAL CORPORATION LTD. NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES | |||||||
Three Months Ended August 31, | Nine Months Ended August 31, | ||||||
(in millions, except per share data) | 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | |||
Net income attributable to Carnival Corporation Ltd. | $ 1,920 | $ 1,852 | $ 2,715 | $ 2,338 | |||
(Gains) losses on ship sales and impairments | 2 | 0 | 2 | (101) | |||
Debt extinguishment and modification costs | 23 | 111 | 23 | 366 | |||
Restructuring expense | 8 | 3 | 8 | 5 | |||
Other | 10 | 17 | 58 | 17 | |||
Adjusted net income | $ 1,963 | $ 1,982 | $ 2,807 | $ 2,625 | |||
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest | 285 | 317 | 862 | 1,034 | |||
Interest income | (17) | (15) | (41) | (34) | |||
Income tax expense, net | 16 | (8) | 50 | 16 | |||
Depreciation and amortization expense | 746 | 717 | 2,164 | 2,064 | |||
Adjusted EBITDA | $ 2,993 | $ 2,993 | $ 5,842 | $ 5,706 | |||
Earnings per share - diluted (a) | $ 1.40 | $ 1.33 | $ 1.96 | $ 1.71 | |||
Weighted-average shares outstanding - diluted (a) | 1,368 | 1,402 | 1,382 | 1,401 | |||
Adjusted earnings per share - diluted (a) | $ 1.43 | $ 1.43 | $ 2.03 | $ 1.91 | |||
Adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding - | 1,368 | 1,402 | 1,382 | 1,401 | |||
(See Non-GAAP Financial Measures) | |||||||
(a) | Diluted earnings per share and diluted adjusted earnings per share include the add-back of dilutive interest expense related to the company's convertible notes of $18 million and $53 million for the three and nine months ended August 31, 2025. |
CARNIVAL CORPORATION LTD. NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES (CONTINUED) | |||||||||||
Gross margin yields and net yields were computed by dividing the gross margin and adjusted gross margin by ALBDs as follows: | |||||||||||
Three Months Ended August 31, | Nine Months Ended August 31, | ||||||||||
(in millions, except yields data) | 2026 | 2026 Constant Currency | 2025 | 2026 | 2026 Constant Currency | 2025 | |||||
Total Revenues | $ 8,435 | $ 8,153 | $ 21,263 | $ 20,292 | |||||||
Less: Cruise and tour operating expenses | (4,628) | (4,385) | (12,792) | (12,037) | |||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense | (754) | (717) | (2,172) | (2,064) | |||||||
Gross margin | 3,054 | 3,051 | 6,299 | 6,191 | |||||||
Less: Tour and other revenues | (191) | (179) | (224) | (212) | |||||||
Add: Payroll and related | 641 | 636 | 2,024 | 1,915 | |||||||
Fuel | 615 | 451 | 1,607 | 1,384 | |||||||
Food | 401 | 398 | 1,172 | 1,124 | |||||||
Other operating | 1,081 | 1,044 | 3,135 | 2,858 | |||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense | 754 | 717 | 2,172 | 2,064 | |||||||
Adjusted gross margin | $ 6,355 | $ 6,357 | $ 6,119 | $ 16,183 | $ 15,904 | $ 15,323 | |||||
ALBDs | 24.9 | 24.9 | 24.6 | 73.3 | 73.3 | 72.3 | |||||
Gross margin yields (per ALBD) | $ 122.55 | $ 124.20 | $ 85.94 | $ 85.57 | |||||||
Net yields (per ALBD) | $ 254.99 | $ 255.09 | $ 249.11 | $ 220.80 | $ 216.99 | $ 211.79 | |||||
(See Non-GAAP Financial Measures) | |||||||||||
CARNIVAL CORPORATION LTD. NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES (CONTINUED) | |||||||||||
Cruise costs per ALBD, adjusted cruise costs per ALBD and adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel per ALBD were computed by dividing cruise | |||||||||||
Three Months Ended August 31, | Nine Months Ended August 31, | ||||||||||
(in millions, except costs per ALBD data) | 2026 | 2026 Constant Currency | 2025 | 2026 | 2026 Constant Currency | 2025 | |||||
Cruise and tour operating expenses | $ 4,628 | $ 4,385 | $ 12,792 | $ 12,037 | |||||||
Selling and administrative expense | 834 | 779 | 2,621 | 2,442 | |||||||
Less: Tour and other expenses | (109) | (102) | (174) | (157) | |||||||
Cruise costs | 5,353 | 5,062 | 15,239 | 14,323 | |||||||
Less: Commissions, transportation and other | (988) | (973) | (2,638) | (2,603) | |||||||
Onboard and other costs | (902) | (883) | (2,217) | (2,154) | |||||||
Gains (losses) on ship sales and impairments | (2) | 0 | (2) | 101 | |||||||
Restructuring expense | (8) | (3) | (8) | (5) | |||||||
Other | (2) | (4) | (36) | (4) | |||||||
Adjusted cruise costs | 3,451 | 3,456 | 3,201 | 10,338 | 10,187 | 9,659 | |||||
Less: Fuel | (615) | (615) | (451) | (1,607) | (1,606) | (1,384) | |||||
Adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel | $ 2,836 | $ 2,841 | $ 2,750 | $ 8,731 | $ 8,582 | $ 8,275 | |||||
ALBDs | 24.9 | 24.9 | 24.6 | 73.3 | 73.3 | 72.3 | |||||
Cruise costs per ALBD | $ 214.81 | $ 206.11 | $ 207.92 | $ 197.97 | |||||||
Adjusted cruise costs per ALBD | $ 138.48 | $ 138.66 | $ 130.31 | $ 141.05 | $ 139.00 | $ 133.50 | |||||
Adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel per ALBD | $ 113.81 | $ 113.98 | $ 111.96 | $ 119.12 | $ 117.09 | $ 114.38 | |||||
(See Non-GAAP Financial Measures) | |||||||||||
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We use non-GAAP financial measures and they are provided along with their most comparative U.S. GAAP financial measure:
Non-GAAP Measure | U.S. GAAP Measure | Use Non-GAAP Measure to Assess | ||
• Adjusted net income, adjusted | • Net income attributable | • Company Performance | ||
• Adjusted earnings per share | • Earnings per share | • Company Performance | ||
• Net debt to adjusted EBITDA | — | • Company Leverage | ||
• Net yields | • Gross margin yields | • Cruise Segments Performance | ||
• Adjusted cruise costs per ALBD and | • Cruise costs per ALBD | • Cruise Segments Performance | ||
• Adjusted ROIC | — | • Company Performance |
The presentation of our non-GAAP financial information is not intended to be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or superior to the financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. It is possible that our non-GAAP financial measures may not be exactly comparable to the like-kind information presented by other companies, which is a potential risk associated with using these measures to compare us to other companies.
Adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share provide additional information to us and investors about our future earnings performance. These measures represent net income attributable to Carnival Corporation Ltd., excluding certain gains, losses and expenses that we believe are not part of our core operating business and are not an indication of our future earnings performance. We believe that gains and losses on ship sales, impairment charges, debt extinguishment and modification costs, restructuring costs and certain other gains, losses and expenses are not part of our core operating business and are not an indication of our future earnings performance.
Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA per ALBD and adjusted EBITDA margin provide additional information to us and investors about our core operating profitability, including on a per ALBD basis, by excluding certain gains, losses and expenses that we believe are not part of our core operating business and are not an indication of our future earnings performance as well as excluding interest, taxes and depreciation and amortization. In addition, we believe that the presentation of adjusted EBITDA provides additional information to us and investors about our ability to operate our business in compliance with the covenants set forth in our debt agreements. We define adjusted EBITDA as adjusted net income adjusted for (i) interest, (ii) taxes and (iii) depreciation and amortization. There are material limitations to using adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA does not take into account certain significant items that directly affect our net income attributable to Carnival Corporation Ltd. These limitations are best addressed by considering the economic effects of the excluded items independently and by considering adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with net income attributable to Carnival Corporation Ltd. as calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We define adjusted EBITDA margin as adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenues.
Net debt to adjusted EBITDA provides additional information to us and investors about our overall leverage. We define net debt to adjusted EBITDA as total debt less cash and cash equivalents divided by twelve-month adjusted EBITDA.
Net yields enable us and investors to measure the performance of our cruise segments on a per ALBD basis. We use adjusted gross margin rather than gross margin to calculate net yields. We believe that adjusted gross margin is a more meaningful measure in determining net yields than gross margin because it reflects the cruise revenues earned net of only our most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, cost of air and other transportation, certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues and credit and debit card fees.
Adjusted cruise costs per ALBD and adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel per ALBD enable us and investors to separate the impact of predictable capacity or ALBD changes from price and other changes that affect our business. We believe these non-GAAP measures provide useful information to us and investors and expanded insight to measure our cost performance. Adjusted cruise costs per ALBD and adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel per ALBD are the measures we use to monitor our ability to control our cruise segments' costs rather than cruise costs per ALBD. We exclude gains and losses on ship sales, impairment charges, restructuring costs and certain other gains and losses that we believe are not part of our core operating business as well as excluding our most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, cost of air and other transportation, certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues and credit and debit card fees. We exclude fuel expense to calculate adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel. The price of fuel, over which we have no control, impacts the comparability of period-to-period cost performance. The adjustment to exclude fuel provides us and investors with supplemental information to understand and assess the company's non-fuel adjusted cruise cost performance. Substantially all of our adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel are largely fixed, except for the impact of changing prices once the number of ALBDs has been determined.
Adjusted return on invested capital ("ROIC") provides additional information to us and investors about our operating performance relative to the capital we have invested in the company. We define ROIC as the twelve-month adjusted net income before interest expense and interest income divided by the monthly average of debt plus equity minus construction-in-progress, excess cash, goodwill and intangibles.
Reconciliation of Forecasted Data
We have not provided a reconciliation of forecasted non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures because preparation of meaningful U.S. GAAP forecasts would require unreasonable effort. We are unable to predict, without unreasonable effort, the future movement of foreign exchange rates and fuel prices. We are unable to determine the future impact of gains and losses on ship sales, impairment charges, debt extinguishment and modification costs, restructuring costs and certain other non-core gains and losses.
Constant Currency
Our operations primarily utilize the U.S. dollar, Australian dollar, euro and sterling as functional currencies to measure results and financial condition. Functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar subject us to foreign currency translational risk. Our operations also have revenues and expenses that are in currencies other than their functional currency, which subject us to foreign currency transactional risk.
Constant currency reporting removes the impact of changes in exchange rates on the translation of our operations plus the transactional impact of changes in exchange rates from revenues and expenses that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency.
We report adjusted gross margin, net yields, adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel and adjusted cruise costs excluding fuel per ALBD on a "constant currency" basis assuming the current periods' currency exchange rates have remained constant with the prior periods' rates. These metrics facilitate a comparative view for the changes in our business in an environment with fluctuating exchange rates.
Examples:
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SOURCE Carnival Corporation Ltd.
